C'était mieux avant?

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Incognito
Messages : 2606
Enregistré le : 13 oct. 2010, 00:00:00

C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Incognito » 19 août 2018, 11:12:16

Vraiment pas ...

Mais les français sont parmi les plus pessimistes, et parmi les plus mal informés.
https://ourworldindata.org/wrong-about-the-world
Extreme poverty is falling: How is poverty changing for higher poverty lines?

This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on Global Extreme Poverty.

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Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.
This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on Global Extreme Poverty.




According to the International Poverty Line, people are considered to be in 'extreme poverty' if they live on less than $1.90 per day, or the equivalent amount after converting currencies and adjusting for price differences between countries. This is the definition used by the World Bank and many other international institutions.


Clearly, $1.90 is a very low threshold, so extreme poverty is, well, extreme.


It is very important that fewer people live in such extreme misery, and thankfully that has happened. Today, about 10% of the world population lives in extreme poverty, while in 1990 the corresponding figure was about 37%. Two centuries ago almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty.


But that doesn't mean that we shouldn't care about what is happening relative to higher poverty lines. The evidence shows that there is a clear and continuous relationship between material deprivation and subjective well-being, so it would be wrong to celebrate shifting daily incomes from $1.89 to $1.91, even if this shift technically means abruptly reducing extreme poverty. People living on $3, $5, or $10 per day also face substantial hardships, and are still living in poverty.


So, how has poverty changed relative to these higher thresholds?


The short answer is that global poverty rates have also been falling above the $1.90 line. This means that, although much still needs to be done, progress has been real. The historical reductions in global extreme poverty are not merely the result of people moving marginally above some arbitrary misery threshold.


Let's take a closer look at the evidence.

Data: source and limitations


PovcalNet is a database of consumption and income distributions from all over the world. It is produced and maintained by the World Bank, and it is the most important source of cross-country data to measure poverty.


The main purpose of PovcalNet is to measure global poverty, and accordingly, there are some limitations that follow from the way they produce their data. Importantly: (i) for all countries the top tails of the distributions are unreliable; and (ii) estimates of extreme poverty in rich countries, where PovcalNet uses data from income rather than consumption surveys, are not accurate nor comparable to those in poorer countries.1


Because of these limitations, we can't really use PovcalNet to study extreme poverty in rich countries, just as we can't use it to study the incomes of very rich people in any given country.


But we can use it to explore how incomes below, say, 10 dollars per day are changing for most people in the world.

Global poverty


The visualisation below uses PovcalNet data to show the distribution of the world population across different poverty thresholds. This shows a fantastic achievement: Independently of which of the shown thresholds you think should be the appropriate poverty line, the result is the same. The global poverty rate has been falling across all these poverty lines. Indeed, the share of people below any poverty line has declined globally in recent years.


As we can see, more progress has been achieved for the three lowest lines. And this takes us to another important observation: Today, almost two-thirds of the world population live below 10 dollars per day. This explains why, if we want to focus on those who are worst off, we need to use fairly low poverty lines, such as the $1.90 and $3.10 lines employed by the World Bank.2


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The next visualization shows the number, rather than the share, of people between the different poverty thresholds. (You can always switch between this and the previous chart by clicking on the visualization and toggling the button labelled 'relative'.)


Again, this is an encouraging picture. For more than a decade, the number of people living under the three lowest poverty lines has been on the decline. So, independently of which of these poverty lines you choose, not only have poverty rates declined, but the total number of people living in poverty has also fallen.


Obviously, there is still much work to be done. Even 10 dollars per day provides a very low standard of living. But the key message here is that the incomes of those at the bottom are increasing.


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Understanding progress and challenges, country by country


The charts above give us an idea of how global poverty is changing. Yet the fortunes of people around the world have changed very differently depending on where they live.


Here, again, we can use PovcalNet's data to explore the evolution of poverty for particular countries and regions. Below we discuss some countries we found interesting, but you can do your own analysis by clicking on any visualization and selecting the option 'change country' at the bottom of the chart.


China


The case of China is remarkable. As the chart below shows, there has been a dramatic decline in the number of people living in extreme poverty, while at the same time there has been an increase in the number of people living on incomes above $10 a day.


If you switch to the 'relative' view, you see that poverty rates have been going down for all of the included poverty lines. In 1981, the entire Chinese population lived below $3.10. Today less than 12% of the population live below this threshold.


If you compare China and India, for example, you can see that while Indians have also made substantial progress, they have seen a slower reduction in poverty, especially at higher thresholds. The case of China is special, but it would be wrong to assume that extreme poverty in the world fell 'only' because of China.


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Sub-Saharan Africa


Relative to the global average, Sub-Saharan Africa has made much slower progress in reducing poverty. And this is, unfortunately, especially true at higher poverty thresholds.


As the chart below shows, the total number of people living in extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa has been fairly constant in recent years, and it remains higher than it was in 1981. Above extreme poverty, if we look at the $3.10 line, we see that the increase in the number of poor people is even more pronounced.


However, in relative terms, poverty trends in Sub-Saharan Africa are slightly more encouraging: The share of people living below $3.10 has been falling.


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Wrapping up


Measuring poverty is difficult because it requires making a sharp distinction between those who are and aren't considered poor. So when we see that global extreme poverty is going down, it is natural to ask ourselves: Are these reductions produced by a definition of ‘extreme’ poverty which is too low?


The evidence discussed above shows that this is not the case. The global poverty rate has been going down in recent years, and this is true independently of whether we set the poverty line at 1.90 or 10 dollars per day.


Of course, high levels of deprivation are unfortunately still very common in most countries, and in many parts of the world we are not making progress. But what is clear is that it is very much possible to reduce poverty.

Article complet sur https://ourworldindata.org/poverty-at-h ... erty-lines
Dieu est mort. Marx est mort. Et moi-même je ne me sens pas très bien ... (Woody Allen)

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Jeff Van Planet
Messages : 22119
Enregistré le : 08 juin 2013, 11:41:21

Re: C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Jeff Van Planet » 19 août 2018, 11:33:29

j'ai pas tout lu, mais sans vouloir rejeter tout ça, il faut savoir que beaucoup de populations qui vivent dans de telles conditions, sont en très grande partie des producteurs et vivent en quasi auto-suffisance, ils vendent simplement leurs excédents au marché de la grande/moyenne ville la plus proche et utilisent l'argent acquis pour se procurer immédiatement sur le même marché des produits qu'ils ne produisent pas.
Un peu comme on voit dans l'émission "rendez-vous en terre inconnue". Beaucoup de ceux-là n'échangeraient pour rien au monde leur mode de vie, mais ils ont moins besoin de monnaie pour vivre.

Ceci ne retire en rien l'extrême misère de tous ceux qui vivent dans des bidons villes et qui n'ont que ces sommes ou à peine plus pour vivre. D'ailleurs celui là qui ne produit pas sa nourriture et qui n'en échange pas les excédents, celui là vit bien pire avec 10$/jours que les premiers décris plus haut qui n'auraient que 1.90$ mais qui sont en quasi auto suffisance.



Mais quoi qu'il en soit il s'agit d'une bonne nouvelle, même si on observe ce phénomène depuis une ou deux décennies.
Le grand problème de notre système démocratique c'est qu'il permet de faire démocratiquement des choses non démocratiques.
J.Saramago

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Snark
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Enregistré le : 08 nov. 2015, 10:40:54
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Re: C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Snark » 19 août 2018, 13:54:34

Jeff Van Planet a écrit :
19 août 2018, 11:33:29
Ceci ne retire en rien l'extrême misère de tous ceux qui vivent dans des bidons villes et qui n'ont que ces sommes ou à peine plus pour vivre.
On se demande méme si ça va étre mieux après .

http://www.france24.com/fr/20180819-ino ... odi-visite

Ceci étant dit y'en aura pour tout le monde , qu'on ne se fasse pas d'illusion .
Et pendant ce temps là le permafrost décongèle .

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Jeff Van Planet
Messages : 22119
Enregistré le : 08 juin 2013, 11:41:21

Re: C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Jeff Van Planet » 19 août 2018, 14:18:54

@Snark
je ne vois pas le rapport: es-tu en train de dire que le faite que la misère recule provoque des déréglement climatiques et qu'il vaudrait mieux que les gens du tiers monde meurent de faim?
Le grand problème de notre système démocratique c'est qu'il permet de faire démocratiquement des choses non démocratiques.
J.Saramago

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Snark
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Re: C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Snark » 19 août 2018, 16:48:44

Jeff Van Planet a écrit :
19 août 2018, 14:18:54
@Snark
je ne vois pas le rapport: es-tu en train de dire que le faite que la misère recule provoque des déréglement climatiques et qu'il vaudrait mieux que les gens du tiers monde meurent de faim?
Je dis juste qu'au lieu de spéculer sur la supériorité entre le passé et le présent
il vaudrait mieux veiller à ce que l'avenir soit mieux que le présent .

Or ça craint à tous points de vue .

https://actu.orange.fr/societe/environn ... 4CTvh.html
Et pendant ce temps là le permafrost décongèle .

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Jeff Van Planet
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Enregistré le : 08 juin 2013, 11:41:21

Re: C'était mieux avant?

Message non lu par Jeff Van Planet » 19 août 2018, 19:36:04

Merci pour la précision.
Le grand problème de notre système démocratique c'est qu'il permet de faire démocratiquement des choses non démocratiques.
J.Saramago

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